Inflammation

Inflammation is the defensive response of our body's tissue damage. The four characteristics signs and symptoms of inflammation are redness, pain, heat, and swelling. It can also cause a loss of function in that area. Inflammation is the attempt to dispose of microbes, toxins, or foreign material at the site of injury. To prevent the spread to the other tissues and to prepare for tissue repair. There are 3 basic responses to inflammation which are: Vasodilatoin and increased permeability of blood vessels. Next, the movement of phagocytes form the blood into the interstitial fluid and lastly, tissue repair.

This seems a lot like when i sprained my ankle. My ankle was red, in a lot of pain, and was swelling the size of a softball. At this time, my body was trying to fix my ankle when it knew something was wrong. After spraining it, i had to elevate it every once in a while, and put ice on it to reduce swelling. This helps get the blood lowing threw the site of inflammation. Before long, i was able to walk on it, and begin doing my everyday activities again.

HPV and Gardasil

Gardasil doesn't contain any of the HPV virus. It's made up of virus particles, and stimulates the body to make antibodies, and recognize them to fight the HPV. Gardisil gives traits of the HPV so the body makes the correct antibodies. The Gardisil protects against four types of HPV. There must be enough antibodies in the blood when exposure happens. The antibodies end up staying in the body for a period of time. There are three shots given to ensure enough antibodies are made and remain in the blood.

This has a lot to do with me for one because i have gotten all 3 of the Gardasil shots. My doctor recommended it with i was 17 because its more common in younger girls. Also, one of my friends has a form of HPV, and she was going to get the shots when she found out, which i found very strange. Since i got the shots, i haven't come up with any kinds of infections. Before, i would get UTI's and once i had a really bad kidney infection.

The Eye

The eyes have a lot of different parts to it. The major ones are the cornea, pupil, sclera, the eyelash, lens, choroid and retina. The cornea have no blood vessels. The lens is held in place by suspensry ligaments which connects to ciliary process and ciliary muscle both are called the ciliary body. The sclera is fibrous tunic, which is highly vascular. The choroid is the pigmented tunic which is also highly vascular and the retina which is the visual tunic that is not vascular at all. Parasympathetic nerve impulses, circular muscles relax, radial muscles contract, the pupil dilates, and more light enters eye.

The eye has a lot to do with my everyday life. I have the worst eyes ever. Don't know how or why, maybe i sat in front of the TV to close i don't know. I am near cited, therefor i have to where contacts all the time, if i take them out i cant see 3 ft. in front of me. I don't know why exactly people lose there eyesight. i wish i hadn't, because contacts and glasses are a pain. But you gotta deal with whatever life throws at you. I'm also not aloud to drive without contacts or glasses, if i get caught driving without them i can get a hefty fine or even lost my licence.

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic capillaries are like jigsaw puzzle shape cell's connect oxygenated and deoxygenated vessels. Fluid moves towed end of lymph node. There dead end or blind ended vessels. Closed ended means not connected to anything else. The lymph fluid moves form Skeletal muscle pumps. Efferent vessel directs to the lymph node. There are 3 major area's where the lymph nodes are. The cervical nodes, axillary nodes, and inguinal nodes.

Lymph nodes are important for protecting our bodies from harmful diseases. There supposed to help filter them away. My boyfriend had swollen lymph nodes in his cervical area and inguinal area. At first we didn't know what it was, but when i took him to the doctors, he was told it was swollen lymph nodes and it was caused by some infection in his body, and the lymph nodes are trying to fight it off. He ended up giving him medicine, and the swelling went down. In some way the nodes where trying to fight his infection, and by doing that they where swelling.

Heart

The heart has 3 layers, the Endocardium, Myocardium and Epicardium. The Endocardium is made up of simple squamous Epithealial. The Myocardium is all cardiac muscle, and the Epicardium is the visceral layer. Also theres the great cardiac vein, which is anterior to interventicular artery. The right atrium receives blood from 3 veins, the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. The interatrial septum separates the right and left atria, and has the fossa ovalis, a shallow depression that is a renant of the feta foramen ovale. The tricuspid valve lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle where blood passes as it flows from the atrium to the ventrical.

The heart is very interecting to me. There is so much to know about it, that its hard to keep up with it all. The heart is probably the most vital organ that we all have. Without it we wouldnt have blood pumping from our heart to all other regions to our body and back to the heart again. My step father's dad just died from a heart attact. It was believed to be cause by anestesia from having knee surgery. He had already had a previous surgery on the heart.

White Blood Cells

There are 5 different catagories of White Blood Cells. The first one is Neutrofulls, which are the most commen, the second are the Lymphocytes, which are made up of T-cells, helper sells and killer cells, and CD4, CD8, and B-cells. Next is monocytes, which are macrophage's. Eosinophil, is protozona and worm deiseas, like filarysisis. Basophil is next, and there are less then 1/10 % in white blood cells. Also basophile has graunals of histomine, vasodilation of blood cells, drop blood pressure, and could be life treatning.

These blood cells have a big effect on our lives. With the lymphocytes, CD4 count, if it fals below 200 + 1 mc you will have aids. Without the lymphocytes, we woundnt have them filtering out the possible deseases that we can get. It also plays a major roll in blood clotting, without them, we could get blood clots everyday. The clotting is proteins in an inative state but have to be activated when homeostasis occurs..

Red Blood cells

We have two different kinds of blood cells Red and White. Red blood cells have no nucleus and are made in the red bone marrow. Closest to the trunk, radius, ulnar, femur, and flat bones like the skull. There's the erythroblast, and erythrocytes. The red blood cells leave the red bone marrow s in the blood for 24 hrs, they eject the nucleus, which is why they don't have one, and then they become nucleotides then back to the beginning. the liver and spleen get rid of extra red blood cells, and they cant repair themselves because they have no nucleus. there phagocytized in the spleen and liver for 90-100 days. They just float around for a while.

Red blood cells are very important to our life. For one there made in the red bone marrow, which bone marrow is used for cancer patients. When someone has leukemia they need they usually need a bone marrow transplant. That's where the red blood cells are made. When i was little my cousin have leukemia, she needed kemo and a bone marrow transplant, she was only 5. I don't really remember this but i have pictures of her with no hair. We also need the red blood cells to transport atoms of oxygen.

Blood

There are many things to know about blood. Obviously blood is red, but before it hits oxygen is is blue. We have red and white blood cells. Our blood can be thick or thin. Men have 6 liters, and women have 5, but pregnant women have 6 liters. Red blood cells can be filled with millions of hemoglobin molecules which are proteins that transport atoms of oxygen. Hemoglobin can carry 4 oxygen atoms. Fetuses don't have Alpha chains only beta and Gama. They need to attract oxygen that's why there's no alpha chain. Its very difficult to get 1st. O2 atom to bond to molecule ( Hemoglobin). The binding causes shape change. Atoms relax then it makes it easier to bond after that. Shape changes every time an atom bonds.



This has to do with my everyday life because, i obviously need blood to survive. A fetus's blood is good for women who have sickle cells because the fetus's blood has more O2 which the mother with sickle cells lacks. The share blood so it is obviously helpful to the mother. We also know that the fetus doesn't have an alpha chain and that's because the baby has to attract oxygen and the alpha chain would slow down the process.

Hormones

In Class this week we learned a lot about Hormones. The one i remember the most is the hypothalamus hormones. FSH is the hormone that starts a women's cycle. FSH is short for follicle stimulating hormone. Anterior pituitary is where this starts from . The FSH is stimulated and transfers to the anterior pituitary and through the blood. The blood carries it to the ovaries in which meiosis and mitosis takes place. In meiosis it goes straight to the egg/ovum. During Meiosis it carries to the follicle cells. The follicle cells are enzymes which help produce estrogen then albumin and lastly the uterine lining. Now FSH is the hormone in women which helps keep the monthly cycle in line. Many other proteins help but I'm only getting into that one.

This hormone is Pretty important in my life considering I'm a female. Without FSH i wouldn't be able to have a monthly cycle which would be like menopause. Secondly, i wouldn't be able to produce as much estrogen that i would need to keep my female features. Also, most importantly i wouldn't be able to have kids. Without the FSH i wouldn't be able to undergo meiosis and i wouldn't have eggs to make the baby. If i couldn't have kids someday, i would be completely heartbroken. That's one thing i desperately want out of life, so this would affect me in many, many ways.

Spinal Nerves

In class this past week i mostly learned about the vertebrae and the spinal nerves. The first set of the vertebrae is called the cervical vertebrae which is made up of 7 vertebrae and 8 spinal nerves in between each vertebrae, Also know as C1- C7. the next is the thoracic vertebrae which consist of 12 vertebrae and 12 spinal nerves, also know as T1-T12. The lumbar vertebrae has 5 vertebrae and 5 spinal nerves, also known as L1-L5. The sacrum is the end of the vertebrae with 5 vertebrae and 5 spinal nerves. Also, the vertebrae in the sacrum is fused together. The very last vertebrae is the coccygeal with 1 spinal nerve and is also known as the tailbone.

The vertebrae and spinal cord are a major part of our function. Without it the neurons wouldn't be able to travel thought out the body and i wouldn't be able to tell my hands to type this right now. The cervical nerves help us move our shoulders all the way to the upper arms. It would be very strange to not be able to move my most upper part of my body. The C7 nerve is for our middle finger movement. The thoracic nerves are the middle part of the body. Starting from bottom of neck all the way to pubic bone. This is where the sympathetic nerve impulses occur, or the flight and fight response. The spinal cord runs down through this area. The sensations of lumbar nerves are the legs. Without this there would be no walking and i wouldn't be able to do my job or any of the things i love to do. The sacrum is the pubic area and without that we wouldn't have any sensations there like orgasms. Last but not least is the coccygeal or "tail bone." I'm not really sure what the tail bone does but i know it hurts if you fall on it.

Wrappings Around Brain/Spinal Cord

In class this week i learned about the wrappings around the brain and spinal cord, also known as the Meninges. The outer most layer is called the Dura Mater, which is where the major blood vessels are. The dura mater is two layers thick around the brain and only one layer thick around the spinal cord. The space above the dura mater is called epidural space, and the space below is the sub-dural space. The outer layer to the skull is called the Periosteal and the inner layer is the Meningeal. Then the middle most layer has blood vessels but not as many as the dura mater. Part of the middle layer is the arachnoid mater that doesn't have any blood vessels, and its spider like. the second layer is called the sub-arachnoid space which is where the cerbrospinal fluid is located. Lastly, the inner most layer is called the Pia mater which is where the capillary networks are, also known as blood vessels. This is the tender area.
The layers of he Meninges are important to my everyday life in many ways. When my step father was hurt in Iraq he had to go threw six hours of brain surgery. Obviously they had to go threw all three layers to get to his brain and work on it. Then once he was back in the states they had to go back into his brain to fix a hole in his dura. When doing this they also found a cotton ball left in his head from the previous surgery. If they hadn't gone in to fix the hole in his dura, it would have caused a major infection, and probably would have caused him death. The layers around your brain could cause major problem to your health if something goes wrong. I have learned a lot about head injuries, so learning about the dura was something i already knew, but the other layers not so much.

Neurons

This week in class we talked a lot about neurons. What i learned is that we have hundreds of neurons in our brain and there all pretty much linked together and work together. First of all they start off at a resting potential or -70 mv. Then local potential takes hold, which is also associated with CRC (Chemical Regulated Channels.) Theres a inword movement of Sodium ions. Theres a slow gate thats always open. Next action potential takes place at the Threshold at -55 mv. Then generated at the Axon Hillock is the Ion channel known as VRC. (Voltage Reulated Channels). When this happens the ion channels open all at once. The reaches +30 mv. Then a massive efflux of potassiam ions flow in and causes repolarization and then Hyperpolarization and drops back down to -70 mv. The sodiam/potassium pump also known as ATPase. The pump is a 3 to 2 ratio of Na+ out and 2K+ in.
Without all this going on im my head i wouldn't be able to move and function the way i do now. This relates to my everyday life because without it i would be a vegtable. Also, i work with my hands a lot because i make sandwichs. if i didnt have the pumps working throughout my body my hands wouldnt move when i want them to and i probably wouldnt even be able to stand. I also wouldnt be able to do all the fun this i do like racing and playing baseball and basketball. If my pumps ended up stoping i would most likley end up dying.